In 2023, Spain saw a surge in high-speed rail passengers, with key routes like Madrid-Barcelona, Madrid-Valencia, and others experiencing substantial increases due to competition opening up. The modal share of trains versus planes rose to 85% on average, except for the Madrid-Málaga route.

The competition in the rail sector intensified with companies like Ouigo and Iryo entering various high-speed corridors, leading to a boost in passenger numbers. Renfe's market share varied across different routes, with the company facing increased infrastructure fees post-liberalization.

Despite a decline in freight transport by rail, passenger rail travel in Spain surpassed pre-pandemic levels in 2023, driven by subsidies and increased demand for public services. Renfe Mercancías saw its market share drop below 50% for the first time.